Çocuk Endokrinolojisi Nedir?

Çocuğunuzun büyüme, ergenlik, şeker hastalığı ya da hormonlara ilişkin diğer bozuklukları ile ilgilenen bilim dalıdır. Hormonlar vücudun diğer bölümlerinin nasıl çalışacağını etkileyen kimyasal maddelerdir. Çocuk endokrinologlar çocukluğun tüm basamakları ve ergenlik yaşlarındaki hormonal rahatsızlıkları ile uğraşırlar.

Çocuk endokrinologlarca görülen sorunlar erişkin endokrinologlarca sık görülen sorunlardan oldukça farklıdır. Çocuk sorunları büyüme ve gelişmeyle yakından ilişkili olduklarından, çocukların psikolojik gereksinimleri çok farklı ve özel olduğundan, çocuk hastalıkları konusunda özel eğitim önemlidir. Çocuk endokrinologların endokrin bozukluklar ve hormonal sorunları olan çocuklarla uğraşmakta geniş eğitim ve uzmanlığı vardır.

 Çocuk endokrinologları tarafından hangi hastalıklara tanı, tedavi ve izleme yapılır?

• Büyüme sorunları, örneğin boy kısalığı
• Erken ergenlik ya da geç ergenlik
• Kızlarda adet sorunları
• Kıllanma
• Büyümüş tiroid bezi (guatr)
• Tiroid bezinin az ya da fazla çalışması
• Pituiter bezin az ya da fazla çalışması
• Böbreküstü bezinin az ya da fazla çalışması
• Cinsiyet belirsizliği
• Over ya da testis çalışmasında bozukluk
• Şeker hastalığı (diyabet mellitus)
• Kan şekeri düşüklüğü (hipoglisemi)
• Şişmanlık (obesite)
• Kalsiyum metabolizması ve vitamin D sorunları (rikets=raşitizm, hipokalsemi)

Daha fazla bilgi almak için tecrübeli sağlık danışmanlarımız vasıtası ile en kaliteli doktorlarda çocuğunuzun sağlık sorunları ile ilgili ücretsiz danışmanlık hizmeti alabilirsiniz.

Face Aesthetics

1. Lip Aesthetics
   The relation of the lip with the nose and the jaw, the place in the proportional settlement of the face, and even the relationship between the lower lip and the upper body should be examined carefully. 
2. Eye Contour Aesthetics
   There are various structural changes in the eye area, such as aging and lifestyle. These changes may include sagging in eyelid skin, prominent eyelid pads in the eye area, collapsing, and different placement of the eye. 
3. Ear Aesthetic
   The first problem that comes to mind when you think of the ear is the problem of prominent ear. It can be described as an angular problem in the relation of ear cartilages to each other and to the head.
4. Rhinoplasty / Nose Aesthetics
   It is described as surgical reshaping of nose structure. Our nose is the most important structure presents in the middle of our face. This is why very minor changes on the nose reveal serious differences in overall appearance. 

1. Hand, Arm and Leg Aesthetics
   Hand Region: The hand is the region that most reflects the effects of aging and wear. These changes are especially sun-tinted stains, wrinkles on the skin that are becoming more pronounced with increasing age and lowering of subcutaneous fat tissue.
2. Aesthetic of Genital Region
   Genital region divides as Vagina (inner part) and vulva (visible outer part), and each region has different problems. Vulva problems can have structural changes as well as changes with time and age. Extremely large and sagging vulva lips can be sexually and visually irritating to women. It is possible to avert this view. 
3. Gynecomastia Aesthetics
   Breast growth in men is defined as gynecomastia. It can be seen for different reasons in different age groups. The presence and degree of breast tissue with ultrasound should be determined whether it is a breast growth that is predominantly fat tissue.
4. Liposuction Aesthetics
   The target is to remove the cases which distort normal contour of the body, that is to say the cases prevent the aesthetic fold such at hip and waist regions. First of all, liposuction, which should be known, is not a weight loss surgery. 
5. Hip Aesthetics Treatment
   Today, it generally defines the ideal shape of a round, backward protruding, non-muscular, narrow, non-sideways, short hip-to-bottom hip. The goal here is to reach a conclusion that is closest to ideal and will give you the and most self-confident.

1. Breast Enlargement Aesthetics
   In females, the breast has acquired different meanings throughout the history, but always has a high level of importance. Today, the most important meaning is both an important feminine sign and a sexual organ. The fact that breast tissue is not at a satisfactory level is always uncomfortable, socially and spiritually impaired for a woman.
2. Aesthetic of Breast Lifting
   There is some fall in the big breasts, but the actual reason of low breast is rather different. It often follows up when the breast masses increase and decrease, such as pregnancy and weight gain. Furthermore, skin quality depends on many factors such as, aging. The deterioration of the quality of the skin and the reduction in the quality of the suspensory ligament that carry the breast make this problem more important.
3. Breast Reduction Aesthetics
   Breast reduction is not just an aesthetic process. For many women, large breasts indicate a serious problem. Pain in the waist, in the back, bra strap traces in the shoulder areas, etc. are the problems come at the top of them. Under the chest, especially in hot weather sweat, smell and rash for our women can reach the point of torment. In this manner, this is much more a health problem than asthethic.

How to Treat Hair Transplantation with Unshaven FUE Method?

Normally it is necessary to shave the hair region between ears to zero number (1 mm length) in order to make a hair plant with FUE method. Some people avoid from hair transplantation because of the job they are working in, or for other reasons, because they need to shave the entire head. You can have a natural look without shaving the entire hair. The advantage of the method is that the locations of the roots, which are taken one by one, are not obvious, that means there is no trace exist.

Hair Transplantation with Fue Method

Today, hair transplantation with FUE method is an important and effective method that removes the hair problem and removes the baldness as an issue. FUE method provides the most natural and intense appearance because the donor hair is taken one by one from the area coded not to be shed and the hair is strategically planted in the empty areas. The hair follicles that are planted continue to last for life.

Hair Transplantation with PRP + Ozone Method

With the Prp-supported cocktails multivitamin hair transplantation method, hair follicles are stronger and results are more efficient. This treatment method is based on the stem cell logic. Plasma provides the secretion of the growth factor that triggers the migration and proliferation of stem cells in the area where it is injected. It helps the hair to regain its former health by reviving the hair roots that are weakened, dying, and even the hairs to become fuzz.

Hair Transplantation with IceGraft Method

Since our hair roots in the nape region coded not to be shed are healthier and livelier, we use the Ice Graft Technique to ensure that all of the hair follicles that are taken are alive and do not die. We prefer the Ice Graft technique more than usual hair transplantation to keep every root alive.

Beard Transplantation Treatment

The causes of beard sparsity may be genetic, hormonal, some diseases or drug side effects related. If the cause is due to hormone imbalance, illnesses or drugs, treatment methods aiming at eliminating these effects are applied first. For example, the missing testosterone hormone causes the beards to sparse, and the testosterone hormone can strengthen the beard. Similarly, the treatment of diseases that cause beard sparsity also has positive consequences. However, beard transplantation provides definite results also for genetic causes, physical effects such as, burns, injuries, or discomforts such as ringworms.

Mustache Transplantation Treatment

Medicines or lotions cannot create new hair follicles. These products can only be effective in slowing down hair follicles. The only permanent solution to attain their old appearance is the mustache planting method. The skin like red crust on the day of transplantation returns to its original appearance without any trace after a week. Same as the hair transplantation, there is no serious pain or ache occurs after facial hair transplantation.

Eyebrow Transplantation Treatment

Eyebrow Transplantation is the transfer of the hair roots that are coded not to be shed spill to the empty region of the eyebrows. There are many different causes of eyebrow loss. Stress, medicines used, some skin diseases, physical effects such as burning of injuries, hormone imbalances can cause eyebrows to fall, and depending on the age, eyebrows can be weak and poured. The most widely known of these is the so-called “eyebrow fall out” among the public. Wrong methods used to shape eyebrows in eyebrows damage to roots, cause eyebrows to diminish and permanently pour. Some hormones secrete more or less as needed can cause the eyebrows to shed. For example, the thyroid gland runs low in goitre patients, the thyroid hormone is low. A low thyroid level may cause eyebrows and hair to fall off.

Our Gynecology Services

We provide the full range of services for comprehensive, patient-focused management of gynecologic conditions, including management of contraception, menopause, pain and bleeding issues, abnormal pap smears, vulvovaginal conditions, and complications in early pregnancy at many hospital in Turkey. Our expert gynecology services provide care for women with complex conditions and complicated medical issues.

General Gynecology 

Full range of personalized gynecologic care, including routine exams, consultations for benign gynecologic conditions and procedural interventions, including colposcopy, hysteroscopy, and benign gynecologic surgery.

Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery 

Comprehensive range of advanced, minimally invasive procedures for uterine fibroids, abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, endometriosis, pelvic organ prolapse, cervical incompetence and ovarian cysts.

Urogynecology 

Comprehensive and advanced treatment for urinary incontinence, including many minimally invasive and office-based procedures.

Gynecologic Oncology 

We provide comprehensive, multidisciplinary evaluation, treatment and follow-up for patients with suspected or proven pre-invasive or invasive gynecologic malignancies, including ovarian, endometrial, cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and trophoblastic cancers.

Cataract is a condition that occurs when the natural lens of the eye, which provides vision and is located behind the pupil, loses its transparency and becomes cloudy. In other words, it leads to impaired vision that can be described as looking through a foggy window.

Cataract is an eye disorder which is seen in elderly people; however, it can also occur:

• In newborns,
• In diabetes patients,
• As a result of physical injuries to the eye,
• As a result of long-term use of medicines with cortisone.

Symptoms of cataract; 

• Gradual impairment of vision
• Sensitivity to light (glare)
• Double vision
• Difficulty in reading
• Impaired night vision
• Faded or yellowed colors
• Frequently changing number of diopters

Cataract is not a disease that can be treated with medication or glasses. There is not an effective method which can stop the progression of cataract and a formed cataract can only be treated with surgery. Thanks to modern techniques, today cataract operations are performed with a pain-free procedure without using needles or anesthesia, and patients can return home on the same day. There are some important points that need to be considered in relation to cataract surgeries. The experience of the doctor and the quality of the lens implanted into the eye directly affect the success of the surgery. After a surgery performed using poor quality lenses, problems may develop in the eye. This may also result in the risk of developing cataract for the second time after a short period. For patients, this means risk of another surgery and additional costs.

Congenital Cataract

Congenital cataract is a unilateral or bilateral clouding (opacification) of the lens that is present at birth. Congenital cataracts may develop due to infections the mother had or the medications she used during pregnancy or with no apparent cause. One pupil being a different color from the other (white) or crossed eyes (strabismus) can be a sign of cataract. Once such symptoms are observed in infants, an ophthalmologist should be consulted without delay. If a congenital cataract hinders vision and particularly if it is unilateral, surgery should be performed as soon as a diagnosis is made. A specialized ophthalmologist decides on the timing of surgery after a detailed examination. The most important problem in an eye with congenital cataract is lazy eye (amblyopia). In order to overcome amblyopia, surgery should be performed as soon as possible in accordance with the ophthalmologist’s advice.

CATARACT SURGERY WITH FEMTOSECOND LASER

During  the surgery, the eye is numbed locally using an eye drop and a pain-free procedure is performed without using needles, blades or anesthesia. Also called bladeless cataract surgery, the laser technology named “Femtosecond Laser” allows completing the most important stages of the operation without using blades. This method reduces the risk of complications significantly. In cataract surgeries with Femtosecond Laser, patients are able to return to their homes after a 15-minute operation, recover in a very short time and immediately return to their daily routines.

While cataract surgery has advanced significantly today in terms of technology, some complications, though rare, may develop in the operations, which cannot be avoided. The doctor’s experience is very important in avoiding such complications. Today, cataract treatment with laser is possible, which is a groundbreaking development in eye surgery.

At Dünyagöz Hospitals Group, cataract surgery with “Femtosecond Laser” technology offers a reliable and comfortable treatment both for the physician and the patient. The surgery not only eliminates the cataract problem but also offers an option to correct near- or far-sightedness by a special intraocular lens implantation.

Many stages of the cataract surgery, which are normally performed manually, are now computer-assisted thanks to the special imaging techniques provided by femtosecond laser.

In the treatment of cataract, bladeless cataract surgery with femtosecond laser minimizes the risk of complication and offers a high level of reliability and comfort to the patient during the operation; yet another advantage is that the position into which the artificial intraocular lens is implanted – the most important phase of the operation – is prepared in a perfect manner.

Thus, the new technology gives patients with refractive errors besides cataract such as myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism the option to reduce their dependency on using glasses for near and far vision thanks to the advanced intraocular lens implantation.

CATARACT SURGERY WITH THE PHACO METHOD

PHACO is another technique used in the treatment of cataract. With this technique, entry into the patient’s eye is made through a small 2.2 mm incision. “Viscoelastic gel”, a special liquid, is used during the cataract surgery. “Viscoelastic gel” ensures that the natural lens is detached from other layers of the eye without causing any damage. It is for single-use only and may not be used on another patient.

The intraocular lens that has lost its transparency is broken up within the eye by a machine emitting ultrasonic waves and sucked out. A foldable, artificial lens is implanted into the eye. Since the incision is small, no suture is needed. Due to the risk of infection, both eyes are not operated on the same day. A minimum of a 2-day interval is recommended between the operations of two eyes.

FDA-approved foldable intraocular lenses and FDA-approved Viscot liquid (viscoelastic gel) are used at Dünyagöz Hospitals Group. Cataract treatment is a vital operation that requires microsurgery. The success of the surgery depends directly on the experience of the doctor, sterilization of the operating room and sterilization and quality of the supplies used.

Obesity surgery is based on two fundamental principles; reducing the stomach size and/or ‘malabsorption’, or limiting the absorption of foods at certain stages in the intestinal tract. These surgical procedures can save patients’ lives when implemented on the correct patient, at the correct time.
Who Can Benefit from Obesity Surgery?
Obesity surgery is recommended for patients who have a body mass index of over 35, and who are unable to lose weight through methods such as medical nutritional programs, exercise or medicinal therapies implemented under the supervision of a specialist. Obesity surgery is also recommended for patients with a body mass index of over 30, and obesity-related conditions such as hypertension, diabetes or sleep apnea that can influence the quality and length of life. The surgical procedure that is right for you is determined through a number of examinations and tests carried out by our physicians.
Female patients with short-term pregnancy plans should discuss this with their physician, as patients are advised to refrain from pregnancy for a period of 24 months following obesity surgery.

Treatment Methods in Obesity Surgery
Gastric Banding
Using the gastric banding method, also known as the lap band, the surgeon places an adjustable silicone band around the upper part of the stomach. In most cases, gastric banding procedure is implemented by means of laparoscopic methods. As the surgery involves only small incisions, the patients are able to return to their daily lives in a short amount of time.
Gastric Sleeve
Also known as “sleeve gastrectomy”, this surgical procedure aims to reduce the capacity of the stomach (to approximately 60-100cc), so patients feel themselves full by consuming lesser amounts of food. With gastric sleeve surgery, the stomach is partially removed, leaving a sleeve shaped stomach of about the size of a banana. During the surgery, the portion of the stomach which produces ghrelin, a hormone that stimulates hunger, is cut away. Gastric sleeve surgery does not interfere with food absorption and only limits the patient’s food intake. For this reason, vitamin or mineral supplementation is rarely required after the operation.
Gastric Bypass
With gastric bypass surgery, a small part of the stomach is used to create a new stomach pouch (roughly 30-50cc). The smaller stomach is connected directly to the small intestine, bypassing the rest of the stomach. As in other obesity surgeries, this procedure aims to decrease stomach capacity as well. Additionally, the intestines are partially bypassed, reducing absorption of food and nutrients. This allows patients to feel full quickly and eat less.

Robotic Surgery Method in Obesity Surgery
If your surgeon recommends surgery for weight control, this may mean that you may be a candidate for obesity surgery performed by the da Vinci robot. Such surgical operations, which are aimed to decrease stomach capacity and thus, cause patients to feel full quickly and eat less; are among the most efficient methods used today to obtain definite results in the treatment of obesity.
Depending on the patients’ physical condition, surgical intervention on obese patients may sometimes lead to certain weight-related problems. These problems may prevent efficient treatment of the required area.
Robotic surgery system is used widely in many medical specialties including urology, cardiology, gynecology and general surgery. Using robotic surgery allows us to conveniently perform various types of surgical operations, even on morbid obese patients.
The visual and technical capabilities of robotic surgery offer better outcomes for obese patients through reductions in blood loss, risk of infection, post-operative scarring and a quicker return to normal life.

Our services perform all kinds of endoscopic gastroenterology procedures for diagnosis and treatment purposes in Turkey’s hospital. Gastroenterology unit is fully equipped with modern devices of latest technology.

Diagnostic Procedures Available In Our Clinic Are
Esophagoduodenoscopy, use for diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal diseaes; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic diseases; colonoscopy/rectosigmoidoscopy for diagnosis of colon disorders. Liver needle biopsy is also available in our clinic.
There are various treatment procedures; endoscopy could be used to remove foreign bodies from esophagus, stomac or rectum. Narrowness of the esophagus due to various reasons, especially benign fibrotic narrownesses may be dilated by esophagoscopic bougies. Malign narrownesses of the esophagus may be palliated by stent applications. Sclerotherapy or band ligation are performed to treat bleeding varices that usually occur as a complicaiton of cirrhosis. If patients need enteral long-term nutrition, it is provided via percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy. Treatments are also available to stop bleeding of the bleeding focuses (due to various reasons) on the upper and lower gastrointestinal system. Polypectomy method is used to remove polyps from the colon. Stones in the biliary system and/or pancreas are easily removed by using balloon and basket technique following papillary sphincterctomy. In the obstructive biliary diseases, especially in those of malignant origin, we use stent application to reestablish adequate bile flow.

About the Department:

• Our services perform all kinds of Orthopedics and Traumatology procedures for diagnosis and treatment purposes in Turkey’s hospital.
• Knee, shoulder, ankle, wrist and elbow joint diseases could be treated by arthroscopic surgery in hospitals.
• Hip, knee, shoulder and elbow prosthesis to treat calcification related joint defectiveness are being successfully performed in hospitals.
• All kinds of scoliosis, spondylolysthesis and spinal fracture surgeries are being successfully performed in our Spine Surgery Unit.
• Bone lengthening and deformity correction surgeries to treat congenital and non congenital conditions are also being performed in hospitals.

Chest Pain Center
The chest pain center is in service 24/7; it is possible to perform procedures like heart angiography, coronary by pass surgery etc at any time. Thus, it would be possible to treat heart attacks before a myocardium infarct development.

Electrophysiology and Ablation Laboratory
To treat heart arrhythmias; the electrophysiology and ablation laboratory, which takes place within cardiology department,is in service with its expert team and state-of –the-art technology devices.

Pediatric and fetal cardiology center
Pediatric heart diseases are one of the areas Memorial Hospital specializes in. We have a Fetal Cardiology Center that enables us to diagnose heart diseases during pregnancy; and a Pediatric Cardiology and Cardio surgery Center where we can perform even the most complicated and risky heart surgeries on neonatal babies.

A New Treatment Method For Heart Diseases: EECP
EECP is a new technique to treat narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries; Memorial hospital now uses this technique. Since 1979, after by pass surgery and angioplasty, it is the first new treatment for coronary heart diseases. EECP (Enhanced External Counter- Pulsation) is a simple non invasive technique/treatment that has no side effects.

Who Is A Candidate For EECP?
EECP is a new treatment however it is not a substitute for by pass surgery or angioplasty. Although one may be a candidate if there is a narrowing and blockage on his/her coronary arteries, one does not qualify as a candidate for invasive procedures like bypass surgery or angioplasty. As a second option; if the patient has a history of previous by pass surgery, then a second one is suggested.

How Does EECP Work?
EECP uses compressed air to inflate three sets of cuffs that are wrapped around the patient’s calves, lower thighs and upper thighs while he/she lies on the treatment table. The cuffs are inflated and deflated in sequence once during each heartbeat to squeeze blood into the heart.
This method helps decreasing the patient’s chest pain while increasing his/her effort capacity by revitalizing the heart muscle that does not receive enough blood. These are permanent benefits and last for many years.

What Happens During EECP Treatment?
EECP is a non invasive outpatient therapy; it does not require any preliminary preparation. Patients lie down on a padded table; electrodes are applied to the skin of the chest and connected to an electrocardiograph machine (ECG). The ECG displays the heart rhythm during treatment. The cuffs inflate and deflate in accordance with the heart.
Treatment sessions are for one hour, five days a week, 35 treatment sessions are required. The patient might go back to his/her daily life right after the treatment.

What Makes One Ineligible For EECP Treatment?
• If the patient had a by pass surgery or heart attack in the last 3 months
• If the patient has clotting on his/her leg veins
• If the patient has non improving wounds on his/her legs
• If the patient has severe aortic deficiency

What Else Needs To Be Done During EECP Treatment?
Patients need to be closely watched by a cardiologist during EECP treatment and they have to continue taking their medication. It takes about 15 to 20 treatment sessions to feel the benefits of the treatment. Meanwhile, patients have to stick to other rules such as diet and exercise for a healthy heart.

Is EECP An Efficient Treatment?
The efficiency of the treatment has been proved by clinical studies in the USA. EECP has also a favorable effect on erectile function since it improves blood circulation to the erectile tissues. This treatment was approved by the FDA in 1995. Today, it is being used in more than 200 medical centers.

Diagnosis
If your doctor suspects you have a kidney stone, you may have diagnostic tests and procedures, such as:
• Blood testing. Blood tests may reveal too much calcium or uric acid in your blood. Blood test results help monitor the health of your kidneys and may lead your doctor to check for other medical conditions.
• Urine testing. The 24-hour urine collection test may show that you’re excreting too many stone-forming minerals or too few stone-preventing substances. For this test, your doctor may request that you perform two urine collections over two consecutive days.
• Imaging. Imaging tests may show kidney stones in your urinary tract. Options range from simple abdominal X-rays, which can miss small kidney stones, to high-speed or dual energy computerized tomography (CT) that may reveal even tiny stones.
Other imaging options include an ultrasound, a noninvasive test, and intravenous urography, which involves injecting dye into an arm vein and taking X-rays (intravenous pyelogram) or obtaining CT images (CT urogram) as the dye travels through your kidneys and bladder.
• Analysis of passed stones. You may be asked to urinate through a strainer to catch stones that you pass. Lab analysis will reveal the makeup of your kidney stones. Your doctor uses this information to determine what’s causing your kidney stones and to form a plan to prevent more kidney stones.

Treatment
Treatment for kidney stones varies, depending on the type of stone and the cause.
Small stones with minimal symptoms
Most small kidney stones won’t require invasive treatment. You may be able to pass a small stone by:
• Drinking water. Drinking as much as 2 to 3 quarts (1.9 to 2.8 liters) a day may help flush out your urinary system. Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, drink enough fluid — mostly water — to produce clear or nearly clear urine.
• Pain relievers. Passing a small stone can cause some discomfort. To relieve mild pain, your doctor may recommend pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve).
• Medical therapy. Your doctor may give you a medication to help pass your kidney stone. This type of medication, known as an alpha blocker, relaxes the muscles in your ureter, helping you pass the kidney stone more quickly and with less pain.

Large stones and those that cause symptoms

Parathyroid glands
Kidney stones that can’t be treated with conservative measures — either because they’re too large to pass on their own or because they cause bleeding, kidney damage or ongoing urinary tract infections — may require more-extensive treatment. Procedures may include:
• Using sound waves to break up stones. For certain kidney stones — depending on size and location — your doctor may recommend a procedure called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).
ESWL uses sound waves to create strong vibrations (shock waves) that break the stones into tiny pieces that can be passed in your urine. The procedure lasts about 45 to 60 minutes and can cause moderate pain, so you may be under sedation or light anesthesia to make you comfortable.
ESWL can cause blood in the urine, bruising on the back or abdomen, bleeding around the kidney and other adjacent organs, and discomfort as the stone fragments pass through the urinary tract.
• Surgery to remove very large stones in the kidney. A procedure called percutaneous nephrolithotomy (nef-row-lih-THOT-uh-me) involves surgically removing a kidney stone using small telescopes and instruments inserted through a small incision in your back.
You will receive general anesthesia during the surgery and be in the hospital for one to two days while you recover. Your doctor may recommend this surgery if ESWL was unsuccessful.
• Using a scope to remove stones. To remove a smaller stone in your ureter or kidney, your doctor may pass a thin lighted tube (ureteroscope) equipped with a camera through your urethra and bladder to your ureter.
Once the stone is located, special tools can snare the stone or break it into pieces that will pass in your urine. Your doctor may then place a small tube (stent) in the ureter to relieve swelling and promote healing. You may need general or local anesthesia during this procedure.
• Parathyroid gland surgery. Some calcium phosphate stones are caused by overactive parathyroid glands, which are located on the four corners of your thyroid gland, just below your Adam’s apple. When these glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (hyperparathyroidism), your calcium levels can become too high and kidney stones may form as a result.
Hyperparathyroidism sometimes occurs when a small, benign tumor forms in one of your parathyroid glands or you develop another condition that leads these glands to produce more parathyroid hormone. Removing the growth from the gland stops the formation of kidney stones. Or your doctor may recommend treatment of the condition that’s causing your parathyroid gland to overproduce the hormone.

Prevention
• Prevention of kidney stones may include a combination of lifestyle changes and medications.
• Lifestyle changes
You may reduce your risk of kidney stones if you:
• Drink water throughout the day. For people with a history of kidney stones, doctors usually recommend passing about 2.6 quarts (2.5 liters) of urine a day. Your doctor may ask that you measure your urine output to make sure that you’re drinking enough water.
If you live in a hot, dry climate or you exercise frequently, you may need to drink even more water to produce enough urine. If your urine is light and clear, you’re likely drinking enough water.
• Eat fewer oxalate-rich foods. If you tend to form calcium oxalate stones, your doctor may recommend restricting foods rich in oxalates. These include rhubarb, beets, okra, spinach, Swiss chard, sweet potatoes, nuts, tea, chocolate, black pepper and soy products.
• Choose a diet low in salt and animal protein. Reduce the amount of salt you eat and choose nonanimal protein sources, such as legumes. Consider using a salt substitute, such as Mrs. Dash.
• Continue eating calcium-rich foods, but use caution with calcium supplements. Calcium in food doesn’t have an effect on your risk of kidney stones. Continue eating calcium-rich foods unless your doctor advises otherwise.
• Ask your doctor before taking calcium supplements, as these have been linked to increased risk of kidney stones. You may reduce the risk by taking supplements with meals. Diets low in calcium can increase kidney stone formation in some people.
• Ask your doctor for a referral to a dietitian who can help you develop an eating plan that reduces your risk of kidney stones.

Medications
Medications can control the amount of minerals and salts in your urine and may be helpful in people who form certain kinds of stones. The type of medication your doctor prescribes will depend on the kind of kidney stones you have. Here are some examples:
• Calcium stones. To help prevent calcium stones from forming, your doctor may prescribe a thiazide diuretic or a phosphate-containing preparation.
• Uric acid stones. Your doctor may prescribe allopurinol (Zyloprim, Aloprim) to reduce uric acid levels in your blood and urine and a medicine to keep your urine alkaline. In some cases, allopurinol and an alkalizing agent may dissolve the uric acid stones.
• Struvite stones. To prevent struvite stones, your doctor may recommend strategies to keep your urine free of bacteria that cause infection. Long-term use of antibiotics in small doses may help achieve this goal. For instance, your doctor may recommend an antibiotic before and for a while after surgery to treat your kidney stones.
• Cystine stones. Cystine stones can be difficult to treat. Your doctor may recommend that you drink more fluids so that you produce a lot more urine. If that alone doesn’t help, your doctor may also prescribe a medication that decreases the amount of cystine in your urine.
• Clinical trials
Liva Consulting studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this disease.
Preparing for your appointment
Small kidney stones that don’t block your kidney or cause other problems can be treated by your family doctor. But if you have a large kidney stone and experience severe pain or kidney problems, your doctor may refer you to a doctor who treats problems in the urinary tract (urologist or nephrologist).

What you can do:

To prepare for your appointment:
• Ask if there’s anything you need to do before your appointment, such as limit your diet.
• Write down your symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to kidney stones.
• Keep track of how much you drink and urinate during a 24-hour period.
• Make a list of all medications, vitamins or other supplements that you take.
• Take a family member or friend along, if possible, to help you remember what you discuss with your doctor.
• Write down questions to ask your doctor.
For kidney stones, some basic questions include:
• Do I have a kidney stone?
• What size is the kidney stone?
• Where is the kidney stone located?
• What type of kidney stone do I have?
• Will I need medication to treat my condition?
• Will I need surgery or another procedure?
• What’s the chance that I’ll develop another kidney stone?
• How can I prevent kidney stones in the future?
• I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?
• Do I need to follow any restrictions?
• Should I see a specialist? If so, does insurance typically cover the services of a specialist?
• Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you’re prescribing?
• Do you have any educational material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend?
• Do I need a follow-up visit?
Besides the questions you prepare in advance, don’t hesitate to ask any other questions during your appointment as they occur to you.
What to expect from your doctor.
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as:
• When did your symptoms begin?
• Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional?
• How severe are your symptoms?
• What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms?
• What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms?
• Has anyone else in your family had kidney stones?

What is Urology?
Urology is a surgical speciality that deals with the treatment of conditions involving the male and female urinary tract and the male reproductive organs.
People specializing in the field of urology are called urologists, healthcare professionals who are trained to diagnose, detect and treat this group of disorders and diseases.
The disorders that may be treated by urologists include those involving the kidneys, the ureters (tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder), the adrenal glands, the bladder and the urethra (the tube that passes urine out of the body from the bladder). In males, a urologist may also treat conditions of the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis. The field of urology involves the medical management of conditions such as urinary tract infection and prostate enlargement through to the surgical management of conditions such as bladder cancer, prostate cancer, kidney stones and stress incontinence.
In the case of certain conditions such as cancer of the urinary tract, urologists may need to work in conjunction with oncologists or radiotherapists. They may also need to collaborate with nephrologists who deal with kidney conditions, gynaecologists who deal with the female reproductive system and endocrinologists who are concerned with conditions of the endocrine system and hormone disorders. Urologists may also collaborate with practitioners of pediatric surgery and colorectal surgery.
Urologists undergo post-graduate training for five years, completing 12 months in general surgery and 36 months in clinical urology. The remaining time is spent training in general surgery, clinical urology or a discipline that is relevant to urology. There are several specialist areas that can be practised after completion of a urology degree. Some of these include:
Endourology
Endourology deals with the closed manipulation of the urinary tract. The field has grown to now include minimally invasive surgical procedures. Procedures are carried out using endoscopes inserted into the urinary tract and examples include prostate surgery, stone removal surgery and simple urethral or ureteral surgeries.
Urologic oncology
This deals with genitourinary malignancies such as cancers of the kidney, adrenal glands, prostate, bladder, ureters, testicles or penis.
Neurourology
Neururology concerns the management of conditions that involve the nervous control of the genitourinary system or abnormal urination. Examples of neurological conditions that may lead to these conditions include Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke and spinal cord injuries.
Pediatric urology
This involves the correction of genitourinary problems arising in children such as undescended testes or cryptorchidism, underdeveloped genitalia and vesicoureteral reflux.
Andrology
Andrology focuses on disorders of the male reproductive system such as erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory disorders, infertility and vasectomy reversal.

Our quality health consultants, after received information about your health problems, they will guide to get the best doctor and hospital treatment for you.

The specialists in hospital ENT clinics are experts in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery. Our clinics provide a wide range of general and specialized care for adults and children.

Taking a multi-faceted approach, UW Health otolaryngologists collaborate with audiologists to treat balance and hearing disorders.

Otolaryngologists take a medical approach to treatment while audiologists specialize in the prevention, identification, assessment and non-medical treatment of hearing disorders. In addition, audiologists are qualified to perform hearing tests, refer patients for medical treatment and provide hearing rehabilitation services.

Pediatric Services

• Pediatric Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT – Otolaryngology)
• Pediatric Audiology

Related Services

• Audiology
• Voice and Swallowing

Conditions

• Airway (inpatient laryngology procedures and office-based laryngology procedures)
• Facial Nerve Disorders
• Facial Trauma
• Head and Neck Cancer
• Hearing (Tinnitus)
• Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Sinus Disease
• Swallowing
• Voice Disorders
• Surgeries
• Cochlear Implants
• Comprehensive Head and Neck Surgery
• Robotic Surgery for Throat and Larnyx Cancer
• Sialendoscopy
• Skull-based Surgery
• Transoral Laser Microsurgery (TLM)
• Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS)
• Additional Treatments and Services
• Comprehensive Voice and Swallow Clinic
• Cosmetic and Facial Reconstruction
• Pediatric Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Services

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix — the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.

Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cervical cancer.

When exposed to HPV, a woman’s immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. In a small group of women, however, the virus survives for years, contributing to the process that causes some cells on the surface of the cervix to become cancer cells.

You can reduce your risk of developing cervical cancer by having screening tests and receiving a vaccine that protects against HPV infection.

Symptoms

Female reproductive system

Early-stage cervical cancer generally produces no signs or symptoms.

Signs and symptoms of more-advanced cervical cancer include:

• Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause
• Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor
• Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

When to see a doctor

Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that concern you.

Causes

Where cervical cancer begins

Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells acquire a genetic change (mutation) that causes them to turn into abnormal cells.

Healthy cells grow and multiply at a set rate, eventually dying at a set time. Cancer cells grow and multiply out of control, and they don’t die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a mass (tumor). Cancer cells invade nearby tissues and can break off from a tumor to spread (metastasize) elsewhere in the body.

It isn’t clear what causes cervical cancer, but it’s certain that HPV plays a role. HPV is very common, and most women with the virus never develop cervical cancer. This means other factors — such as your environment or your lifestyle choices — also determine whether you’ll develop cervical cancer.

Types of cervical cancer

The type of cervical cancer that you have helps determine your prognosis and treatment. The main types of cervical cancer are:

• Squamous cell carcinoma.This type of cervical cancer begins in the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) lining the outer part of the cervix, which projects into the vagina. Most cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.
• This type of cervical cancer begins in the column-shaped glandular cells that line the cervical canal.

Sometimes, both types of cells are involved in cervical cancer. Very rarely, cancer occurs in other cells in the cervix.

Risk factors

Risk factors for cervical cancer include:

• Many sexual partners.The greater your number of sexual partners — and the greater your partner’s number of sexual partners — the greater your chance of acquiring HPV.
• Early sexual activity.Having sex at an early age increases your risk of HPV.
• Other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).Having other STIs — such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis and HIV/AIDS — increases your risk of HPV.
• A weak immune system.You may be more likely to develop cervical cancer if your immune system is weakened by another health condition and you have HPV.
• Smoking is associated with squamous cell cervical cancer.

Prevention

To reduce your risk of cervical cancer:

• Get vaccinated against HPV.Vaccination is available for girls and women ages 9 to 26. The vaccine is most effective if given to girls before they become sexually active.
• Have routine Pap tests.Pap tests can detect precancerous conditions of the cervix, so they can be monitored or treated in order to prevent cervical cancer. Most medical organizations suggest women begin routine Pap tests at age 21 and repeat them every few years.
• Practice safe sex.Using a condom, having fewer sexual partners and delaying intercourse may reduce your risk of cervical cancer.
• Don’t smoke.